The waters around Australia were divided into 13207 cells for this analysis: 672 in Victoria, 764 in New South Wales, 3005 in Queensland, 1605 in South Australia, 4065 in Western Australia (divided into 1937 cells in the north and 2128 in the south), 1359 in Tasmania, and 1737 in the Northern Territory.
Figure 1: Map showing the area included this analysis, with colours indicating the different states. The ~60 km coastline buffer includes 95,418 cells approximately 4 x 4 km each.
# A tibble: 8 × 5
state mean max min variable
<fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
1 Northern Territory 28.7 36.3 20.2 T_input
2 Queensland 26.6 36.0 12.6 T_input
3 New South Wales 21.7 33.1 8.07 T_input
4 South Australia 17.5 32.8 8.14 T_input
5 Tasmania 15.2 24.0 4.19 T_input
6 Victoria 16.3 31.3 7.04 T_input
7 Western Australia (N) 27.8 39.5 16.9 T_input
8 Western Australia (S) 20.3 37.6 9.44 T_input
# A tibble: 8 × 5
state mean max min variable
<fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
1 Northern Territory 401. 615. 22.4 I_input
2 Queensland 395. 649. 40.4 I_input
3 New South Wales 329. 644. 56.6 I_input
4 South Australia 318. 709. 32.1 I_input
5 Tasmania 249. 648. 12.5 I_input
6 Victoria 275. 658. 35.2 I_input
7 Western Australia (N) 435. 666. 77.1 I_input
8 Western Australia (S) 357. 715. 28.6 I_input
# A tibble: 8 × 5
state mean max min variable
<fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
1 Northern Territory 0.132 6.00 0.0188 Kd_490
2 Queensland 0.107 6.00 0.0169 Kd_490
3 New South Wales 0.0983 6.00 0.0172 Kd_490
4 South Australia 0.124 6.00 0.0172 Kd_490
5 Tasmania 0.108 6.00 0.0182 Kd_490
6 Victoria 0.165 6.00 0.0196 Kd_490
7 Western Australia (N) 0.111 6.00 0.0176 Kd_490
8 Western Australia (S) 0.0627 6.00 0.0176 Kd_490
# A tibble: 8 × 5
state mean max min variable
<fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
1 Northern Territory 34.5 35.6 32.8 S_input
2 Queensland 34.9 35.9 32.7 S_input
3 New South Wales 35.5 35.7 35.1 S_input
4 South Australia 35.9 37.2 35.2 S_input
5 Tasmania 35.4 35.7 35.0 S_input
6 Victoria 35.5 35.8 35.3 S_input
7 Western Australia (N) 35.0 35.9 34.2 S_input
8 Western Australia (S) 35.7 36.4 35.0 S_input
# A tibble: 8 × 5
state mean max min variable
<fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
1 Northern Territory 0.0573 0.348 0.0000610 UV_input
2 Queensland 0.124 1.06 0.0000440 UV_input
3 New South Wales 0.349 1.46 0.000463 UV_input
4 South Australia 0.0702 0.681 0.0000782 UV_input
5 Tasmania 0.0835 0.617 0.0000366 UV_input
6 Victoria 0.0892 0.791 0.000220 UV_input
7 Western Australia (N) 0.0663 0.559 0.000113 UV_input
8 Western Australia (S) 0.124 0.843 0.000116 UV_input
Mean daily temperature ranged from 15.2 in Tasmania to 28.7 in Northern Territory, with a mean across states of 21.8.
Figure 2: Summary of temperature values across the year within each state, averaged across 2019-2023. Bold lines show the mean across all cells within each state while ribbons show the standard deviation between cells.
Mean daily irradiance ranged from 249 in Tasmania to 435 in Western Australia (N), with a mean across states of 345.
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(`geom_ribbon()`).
Figure 3: Summary of irradiance values across the year within each state, averaged across 2019-2023. Bold lines show the mean across all cells within each state while ribbons show the standard deviation between cells.
Mean daily values for the light attenuation coefficient in water ranged from 6.27 \(\times 10^2\) in Western Australia (S) to 1.65 \(\times 10\) in Victoria, with a mean across states of 11.33 \(\times 10^2\).
Code
K_input_state <- K_input %>%group_by(state, yday) %>%reframe(value =mean(Kd_490, na.rm = T),sd =sd(Kd_490, na.rm = T)) %>%mutate(sd =case_when(sd > value ~ value, T ~ sd))p_input_state_av %+% K_input_state +scale_y_continuous(breaks =seq(0, 0.7, 0.1), limits =c(0, 0.62)) +labs(x ="Day of the year", y =expression("Light attenuation coefficient (m"^-1*" )"))
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Figure 4: Summary of irradiance values across the year within each state, averaged across 2019-2023. Bold lines show the mean across all cells within each state while ribbons show the standard deviation between cells.
Mean daily salinity ranged from 34.5 in Northern Territory to 35.9 in South Australia, with a mean across states of 35.3.
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Figure 5: Summary of salinity values across the year within each state, averaged across 2019-2023 and all depths < 25 m. Bold lines show the mean across all cells within each state while ribbons show the standard deviation between cells.
Mean daily water velocity ranged from 0.06 in Northern Territory to 0.35 in New South Wales, with a mean across states of 0.12.
Figure 6: Summary of water velocity values across the year within each state, averaged across 2019-2023 and all depths < 25 m. Bold lines show the mean across all cells within each state while ribbons show the standard deviation between cells.
Matching model cells to their two nearest reference stations resulted in 41% of cells using data from Darwin, 31% using data from Kangaroo Island, 24.1% using data from Maria Island, 16% from North Stradbroke Island, 20.5% using data from Port Hacking, 31.4% using data from Rottnest Island, and 36% using data from Yongala.
There were 8 outfall stations in South Australia, 9 in southern Western Australia, 1 in northern Western Australia, 32 in southern New South Wales, 29 in Queensland, 18 in Victoria, 32 in Tasmania, and 4 in the Northern Territory.
Matching cells to outfall stations within 48 km resulted in 7% of cells using data from one outfall site, 4.9% of cells using data from two or three sites, 1.3% of cells using data from three or four sites, 0.6% of cells using data from six to eight sites, and 0.2% of cells using data from nine to twelve sites. The remaining 86.1% of cells did not use data from any outfall sites.
Figure 8: An example of the daily nitrate (top) and ammonium (bottom) input and data for a single cell in New South Wales. Black lines show the input driving the growth model (constructed curve), blue dots show data from the nearest reference station (Port Hacking) and orange dots show distance-weighted data from the three nearest outfall points (Bateman’s Bay, Bermagui, and Bombo).
# A tibble: 8 × 5
state mean max min variable
<fct> [umol/L] [umol/L] [umol/L] <chr>
1 Northern Territory 0.417 1.03 0 Ni_input
2 Queensland 0.302 1.22 0 Ni_input
3 New South Wales 0.705 3.07 0 Ni_input
4 South Australia 0.939 3.31 0 Ni_input
5 Tasmania 1.20 3.26 0 Ni_input
6 Victoria 1.20 3.24 0 Ni_input
7 Western Australia (N) 0.372 1.02 0 Ni_input
8 Western Australia (S) 0.205 0.915 0 Ni_input
Code
Ni_input %>%pull(Ni_input) %>%max()
3.314379 [umol/L]
Code
(3.314379+3.5)/3.314379
[1] 2.056005
Mean daily water velocity ranged from 0.21 in Western Australia (S) to 1.2 in Victoria, with a mean across states of 0.67.
Figure 9: Summary of nitrate concentration values across the year within each state, averaged across 2019-2023. Bold lines show the mean across all cells within each state while ribbons show the standard deviation between cells.
# A tibble: 8 × 5
state mean max min variable
<fct> [umol/L] [umol/L] [umol/L] <chr>
1 Northern Territory 0.150 0.259 0.0288 Am_input
2 Queensland 0.159 0.405 0.00858 Am_input
3 New South Wales 0.232 0.411 0.0658 Am_input
4 South Australia 0.180 0.424 0.000844 Am_input
5 Tasmania 0.189 0.356 0.0179 Am_input
6 Victoria 0.189 0.439 0.00696 Am_input
7 Western Australia (N) 0.151 0.269 0.0223 Am_input
8 Western Australia (S) 0.129 0.264 0.0294 Am_input
Mean daily water velocity ranged from 0.13 in Western Australia (S) to 0.23 in New South Wales, with a mean across states of 0.17.
Code
Am_input_state <- Am_input %>%group_by(state, yday) %>%reframe(value =mean(Am_input, na.rm = T),sd =sd(Am_input, na.rm = T)) %>%mutate(value = value %>%drop_units())p_input_state_av %+% Am_input_state +# scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(30, 40, 0.5), limits = c(34, 36.5)) +labs(x ="Day of the year", y = ammonium_lab)
Figure 10: Summary of ammonium concentration values across the year within each state, averaged across 2019-2023. Bold lines show the mean across all cells within each state while ribbons show the standard deviation between cells.
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